Open Science for Arts, Design and Music/Guidelines/History

A timeline of Open Science

The following timeline lists important milestones in the history of open science. The different colours identify key moments in the history of Creative Commons and OpenGLAM.

Date	Event	What happened?
1998	Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA)	The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) changed in the US copyright system and unintentionally triggered the foundation of Creative Common. The Act changed the copyright legislation by extending the copyright terms from 50 to 70 years after the creator’s death. This change, which applied also to existing works, delayed the move of copyrighted works into the public domain for 20 years.
	Eldred vs Ashcroft	Web publisher, Eric Eldred, represented by Stanford Law Professor and future co-founder of Creative Commons, Lawrence Lessig, challenged the constitutionality of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. The lead petitioner specialised in making works in the public domain available on the internet. The case went to the US Supreme Court (2002) who decided (2003) against Eldred and in favour of the constitutionality of the 1998 Act.
2001	Founding of Creative Commons	Lawrence Lessig and others founded the nonprofit organisation Creative Commons in response to what they considered an outdated global copyright legal system. To solve the tension between the sharing possibilities provided by digital technologies and the restrictions sanctioned by copyright regulation, they published (2002) a set of legal tools in the form of open copyright licenses. These provided creators with an alternative way to legally share their work with the international community. During time, Creative Commons grew into a global movement and network. All three expression of Creative Commons — the licenses, the movement, and the organisation – aim at promoting openness, collaboration and shared creativity and knowledge: the nonprofit organisation stewards the CC licences and helps support the open movement. The CC Global Network (CCGN) gathers creators, activists, scholars, policymakers and everyone who believe in and engage with open movements. CCGN members work on a wide range of projects that deal with sharing and collaboration. Globally, the CCGN has over 700 members and 45 Chapters.
2002	CC licences	CC licences are a legal tool that allows creators to keep their copyright while legally sharing their creative work in more permissive terms than those prescribed by copyright regulations. They work within copyright law, but switch from the default "all right reserved" to the "some right reserved" approach which allows to share, use and adapt creative works more freely. Since their publication in 2002, nearly 2 billion works online across 9 million websites have used CC licenses, from YouTube videos to academic papers and OER (open educational resources).
	Budapest Open Access Initiative	The Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) brought together international scholars and scientists who joined forces by signing the 2002 BOAI Declaration. This is a public statement That lists the principles of open access to research literature.
2003	Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing	Representatives of funding agencies, libraries, publishers and scientists drafted the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing during a meeting on open access publishing at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Maryland. The statement focuses on biomedical research. It argues for the need for quick and effective dissemination of research results in line with the principles of open access. Overall, it stress the potential and the obligation to share research results and ideas freely both with the scientific community and the broader public.
	Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities	The Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was signed by leading European and American research organisations and universities, thereby committing to supporting the development of open access, for instance, by encouraging researchers to publish their results in open access.
2004	Beginning of the Open GLAM movement	The Brooklyn Museum was the first museum in the US to add a Creative Commons license to their digital cultural heritage works.
2009	First GLAM-Wiki event	At the first GLAM-Wiki event in Australia, cultural heritage institutions, Wikipedians and members of Creative Commons agreed on a list of recommended practices for providing open access to GLAM content, including digitisation and sharing practices.
2010	OpenGLAM Principles	At the first OpenGLAM initiative, which was hosted by Open Knowledge Foundation (OKN), participants drafted the OpenGLAM Principles. These were later established around 2011 and then revised in 2013.
2020	Creative Commons’ new strategy for 2021-2025	The launch of Creative Commons’ new strategy for 2021-2025 marked a shift in CC agenda, moving from the promotion of sharing to the fostering of a better sharing through legal and technical support, as well as policy solutions. CC's threefold strategy aims at: 1- advocacy; 2- innovation; and 3- capacity building.

References

• "History of the Open Access Movement" by Open Access network is licensed under CC BY 4.0
• "Unit 1.1 The Story of Creative Commons" by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0
• "Unit 1.2 Creative Commons Today" by Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0
• "Announcing Our New Strategy: What’s Next for CC" by Catherine Stihler for Creative Commons is licensed under CC BY 4.0