Help:Displaying a formula/ko

미디어위키는 LaTeX와 AMS-LaTeX을 포함한 TeX markup 서브셋을 사용하여 수식을 표현한다. 사용자 환경설정과 표현의 복잡성에 따라 PNG나 간단한 HTML 마크업을 생성한다.

더 상세하게 설명하자면, 미디어위키는 Texvc를 이용하여 마크업을 필터링하며, 이를 TeX에 명령얼 전달하여 실제 렌더링을 실행한다. 따라서, TeX 언어의 일부만 지원하며, 더 상세한 내용은 다음을 참고한다.

수식을 렌더링하려면, LocalSettings.php 파일에 $wgUseTeX = true;를 입력한다.

기술들

문법

전통적으로 수식 마크업은 XML-스타일 태그 안에 기재한다: <math> ... </math>. 기존 툴바 편집에서는 이 기능을 위한 버튼이 있었고, 현재도 위키에디터 툴바를 편집하여 비슷한 버튼을 추가할 수 있다. 아이콘들은 다음과 같다: 와 ${\sqrt {n}}$.

반면, 파서 기능 #tag이용할 수도 있다: {{#tag:math|...}}. 이 기능이 좀 더 활용성이 높은데, ...에 들어가는 텍스트가 TeX 코드보다 먼저 확장되면서, 파라미터, 변수, 파서 기능, 그리고 템플릿을 삽입할 수 있다. 단, TeX 코드의 쌍중괄호는 사이에 공백이 있어야 하며, 이는 템플릿을 호출하는 것 등과 혼란을 피하기 위해서이다. 또한, "|"를 TeX 코드 내에서 생성하기 위해서는 {{!}}를 사용해야 한다.

TeX에서는 HTML와 같이 잉여 공백과 새 줄은 무시된다.

렌더링

The alt text of the PNG images, which is displayed to visually impaired and other readers who cannot see the images, and is also used when the text is selected and copied, defaults to the wikitext that produced the image, excluding the <math> and </math>. You can override this by explicitly specifying an alt attribute for the math element. For example, <math alt="Square root of pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math> generates an image ${\sqrt {\pi }}$ whose alt text is "Square root of pi".

Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \text, \mbox, or \mathrm. You can also define new function names using \operatorname{...}. For example, <math>\text{abc}</math> gives ${\text{abc}}$. This does not work for special characters, they are ignored unless the whole <math> expression is rendered in HTML:

• <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
• <math>\text {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives:

• ${\text{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}$
• ${\text{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}}\,$

See bug 798 for details.

Nevertheless, using \mbox instead of \text, more characters are allowed

For example,

• <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}</math>
• <math>\mbox {abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}\,</math>

gives:

• ${\mbox{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčďèéěêëìíîïňñòóôõöřšť÷øùúůûüýÿž}}$
• ${\mbox{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzàáâãäåæçčèéêëìíîïñòóôõö÷øùúûüýÿ}}\,$

But \mbox{ð} and \mbox{þ} will give an error:

• ${\mbox{ð}}$
• ${\mbox{þ}}$

Using \text{}

• ${\text{ð}}$
• ${\text{þ}}$

특별한 성격

The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special meaning under LaTeX or are unavailable in all the fonts.

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

Some of these can be entered with a backslash in front:

<math>\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} </math> gives $\#\$\%\&\_\{\}$

Others have special names:

<math> \hat{} \quad \tilde{} \quad \backslash </math> gives ${\hat {}}\quad {\tilde {}}\quad \backslash$

TeX and HTML

Before introducing TeX markup for producing special characters, it should be noted that, as this comparison table shows, sometimes similar results can be achieved in HTML (see Help:Special characters).

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG)	TeX Rendering	HTML Syntax	HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha</math>	$\alpha$	{{math|<var>&alpha;</var>}}	α
<math> f(x) = x^2\,</math>	$f(x)=x^{2}\,$	{{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}	f(x) = x2
<math>\sqrt{2}</math>	${\sqrt {2}}$	{{math|{{radical|2}}}}	√2
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math>	${\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}$	{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}	√1 − e²

The codes on the left produce the symbols on the right, but the latter can also be put directly in the wikitext, except for ‘=’.

문법	Rendering
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω	α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± &infty; ≈ ∝ {{=}} ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —	∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ ≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —

The project has settled on both HTML and TeX because each has advantages in some situations.

Pros of HTML

1. Formulas in HTML behave more like regular text. In-line HTML formulae always align properly with the rest of the HTML text and, to some degree, can be cut-and-pasted (this is not a problem if TeX is rendered using MathJax, and the alignment should not be a problem for PNG rendering once bug 32694 is fixed).
2. The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents (this can be fixed on TeX formulas by using the commands \pagecolor and \definecolor) and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.
3. Pages using HTML code for formulae use less data to transmit, which is important to users with slow or capped Internet connections (e.g. those using dialup or mobile Internet connections which are either slow or have a data cap).
4. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).
5. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.
6. The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. {{math|''i''}} for the imaginary unit and {{math|<var>i</var>}} for an arbitrary index variable.
7. Formulae using HTML code will render as sharp as possible no matter what device is used to render them.

Pros of TeX

1. TeX is semantically more precise than HTML.
   1. In TeX, "<math>x</math>" means "mathematical variable $x$", whereas in HTML "x" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.
   2. On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "{{math|<var>x</var>}}", you get the same visual result x and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it. However, since there are far more readers than editors, this effort is worth considering if no other rendering options are available (such as MathJax, which was requested on bug 31406 for use on Wikimedia wikis and is being implemented on Extension:Math as a new rendering option).
2. One consequence of point 1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa. This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX. It is true that the current situation is not ideal, but that is not a good reason to drop information/contents. It is more a reason to help improve the situation.
3. Another consequence of point 1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML (e.g. by MathJax) for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.
4. TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.
5. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.
6. Once a formula is done correctly in TeX, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare ‘ a̅ ’ and ‘ a̅ ’).
7. When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.
8. TeX formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formulae and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.
9. While TeX does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), cutting and pasting from a TeX PNG in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.

^  unless your wikitext follows the style of point 1.2

^  The entity support problem is not limited to mathematical formulae though; it can be easily solved by using the corresponding characters instead of entities, as the character repertoire links do, except for cases where the corresponding glyphs are visually indiscernible (e.g. &ndash; for ‘–’ and &minus; for ‘−’).

In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither TeX nor the html-substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see below, for an example).

Functions, symbols, special characters

Accents/diacritics

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}	${\acute {a}}{\grave {a}}{\hat {a}}{\tilde {a}}{\breve {a}}\,$
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}	${\check {a}}{\bar {a}}{\ddot {a}}{\dot {a}}$

파서 함수

\sin a \cos b \tan c	$\sin a\cos b\tan c$
\sec d \csc e \cot f	$\sec d\csc e\cot f\,$
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j	$\arcsin h\arccos i\arctan j\,$
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n	$\sinh k\cosh l\tanh m\coth n$
\operatorname{sh}o\,\operatorname{ch}p\,\operatorname{th}q	$\operatorname {sh} o\,\operatorname {ch} p\,\operatorname {th} q$
\operatorname{arsinh}r\,\operatorname{arcosh}s\,\operatorname{artanh}t	$\operatorname {arsinh} r\,\operatorname {arcosh} s\,\operatorname {artanh} t$
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y	$\lim u\limsup v\liminf w\min x\max y$
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g	$\inf z\sup a\exp b\ln c\lg d\log e\log _{10}f\ker g$
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n	$\deg h\gcd i\Pr j\det k\hom l\arg m\dim n$

Modular arithmetic

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}	$s_{k}\equiv 0{\pmod {m}}\,$
a\,\bmod\,b	$a\,{\bmod {\,}}b\,$

이차적 저작물

\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}

$\nabla \,\partial x\,dx\,{\dot {x}}\,{\ddot {y}}\,dy/dx\,{\frac {dy}{dx}}\,{\frac {\partial ^{2}y}{\partial x_{1}\,\partial x_{2}}}$

세트

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing	$\forall \exists \emptyset \emptyset \varnothing \,$
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq	$\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq \,$
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus	$\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus \,$
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup	$\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup \,$

사회자들에게

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -	$+\oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -\,$
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot	$\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot \,$
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}	$\star */\div {\frac {1}{2}}\,$

토익

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p	$\land \wedge \bigwedge {\bar {q}}\to p\,$
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And	$\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q\And \,$

Root

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}

${\sqrt {2}}{\sqrt[{n}]{x}}\,$

Relations

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}	$\sim \approx \simeq \cong {\dot {=}}{\overset {\underset {\mathrm {def} }{}}{=}}\,$
< \le \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto	$<\leq \ll \gg \geq >\equiv \not \equiv \neq {\mbox{or}}\neq \propto \,$
\lessapprox \lesssim \eqslantless \leqslant \leqq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox	$\lessapprox \lesssim \eqslantless \leqslant \leqq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox$

일반

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ

$\Diamond \,\Box \,\triangle \,\angle \perp \,\mid \;\nmid \,\|45^{\circ }\,$

Arrows

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow	$\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,$
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow (or \impliedby) \Longrightarrow (or \implies) \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)	$\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow$
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow	$\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow$
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons	$\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,$
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright	$\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,$
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft	$\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,$
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow	$\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,$

특수

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \colon	$\And \eth \S \P \%\dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \colon \,$
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top	$\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top \,$
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar	$\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar \,$
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement	$\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement \,$
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp	$\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp \,$

Unsorted (new stuff)

\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown	$\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown$
\square \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge	$\square \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge$
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes	$\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes$
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant	$\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant$
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq	$\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq$
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft	$\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft$
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot	$\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot$
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq	$\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq$
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \between \shortparallel \pitchfork	$\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \between \shortparallel \pitchfork$
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq	$\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq$
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid	$\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid$
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr	$\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr$
\subsetneq	$\subsetneq$
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq	$\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq$
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq	$\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq$
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq	$\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq$
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus	$\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus \,$
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq	$\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq \,$
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel	$\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel \,$
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner	$\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner$
\Coppa\coppa\varcoppa\Digamma\Koppa\koppa\Sampi\sampi\Stigma\stigma\varstigma	$\mathrm {\Coppa} \mathrm {\coppa} \mbox{\coppa} \mathrm {\Digamma} \mathrm {\Koppa} \mathrm {\koppa} \mathrm {\Sampi} \mathrm {\sampi} \mathrm {\Stigma} \mathrm {\stigma} \mathrm {\varstigma}$

Larger expressions

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals

Feature	문법	How it looks rendered
Superscript	a^2	$a^{2}$
Subscript	a_2	$a_{2}$
Grouping	a^{2+2}	$a^{2+2}$
	a_{i,j}	$a_{i,j}$
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3	$x_{2}^{3}$
	{x_2}^3	${x_{2}}^{3}$
Super super	10^{10^{8}}	$10^{10^{8}}$
Preceding and/or Additional sub & super	_nP_k	$_{n}P_{k}$
	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b	$\sideset {_{1}^{2}}{_{3}^{4}}\prod _{a}^{b}$
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4	${}_{1}^{2}\!\Omega _{3}^{4}$
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}	${\overset {\alpha }{\omega }}$
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}	${\underset {\alpha }{\omega }}$
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}	${\overset {\alpha }{\underset {\gamma }{\omega }}}$
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}	${\stackrel {\alpha }{\omega }}$
이차 저작물	x', y'', f', f''	$x',y'',f',f''$
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$
이차 저작물	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	${\dot {x}},{\ddot {x}}$
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c	${\hat {a}}\ {\bar {b}}\ {\vec {c}}$
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}	${\overrightarrow {ab}}\ {\overleftarrow {cd}}\ {\widehat {def}}$
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	${\overline {ghi}}\ {\underline {jkl}}$
	\not 1 \ \cancel{123}	$\not 1\ {\cancel {123}}$
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C	$A{\xleftarrow {n+\mu -1}}B{\xrightarrow[{T}]{n\pm i-1}}C$
Overbraces	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}	$\overbrace {1+2+\cdots +100} ^{{\text{sum}}\,=\,5050}$
Underbraces	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}	$\underbrace {a+b+\cdots +z} _{26{\text{ terms}}}$
Sum	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}$
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\textstyle \sum _{k=1}^{N}k^{2}$
Product	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Product (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\textstyle \prod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Coproduct	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Coproduct (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\textstyle \coprod _{i=1}^{N}x_{i}$
Limit	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$
Limit (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\textstyle \lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\int \limits _{1}^{3}{\frac {e^{3}/x}{x^{2}}}\,dx$
Integral (alternate limits style)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\int _{1}^{3}{\frac {e^{3}/x}{x^{2}}}\,dx$
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\textstyle \int \limits _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\textstyle \int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$
Double integral	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy	$\iint \limits _{D}\,dx\,dy$
Triple integral	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\iiint \limits _{E}\,dx\,dy\,dz$
Quadruple integral	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\iiiint \limits _{F}\,dx\,dy\,dz\,dt$
Line or path integral	\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\int _{C}x^{3}\,dx+4y^{2}\,dy$
Closed line or path integral	\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\oint _{C}x^{3}\,dx+4y^{2}\,dy$
Intersections	\bigcap_1^n p	$\bigcap _{1}^{n}p$
Unions	\bigcup_1^k p	$\bigcup _{1}^{k}p$

Fractions, matrices, multilines

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Fractions	\frac{1}{2}=0.5	${\frac {1}{2}}=0.5$
Small ("text style") fractions	\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5	${\tfrac {1}{2}}=0.5$
Large ("display style") fractions	\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5	${\dfrac {k}{k-1}}=0.5$
Mixture of large and small fractions	\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n	${\dfrac {{\tfrac {1}{2}}[1-({\tfrac {1}{2}})^{n}]}{1-{\tfrac {1}{2}}}}=s_{n}$
Continued fractions (note the difference in formatting)	\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a	${\cfrac {2}{c+{\cfrac {2}{d+{\cfrac {1}{2}}}}}}=a\qquad {\dfrac {2}{c+{\dfrac {2}{d+{\dfrac {1}{2}}}}}}=a$
Binomial coefficients	\binom{n}{k}	${\binom {n}{k}}$
Small ("text style") binomial coefficients	\tbinom{n}{k}	${\tbinom {n}{k}}$
Large ("display style") binomial coefficients	\dbinom{n}{k}	${\dbinom {n}{k}}$
Matrices	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}	${\begin{matrix}x&y\\z&v\end{matrix}}$
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}	${\begin{vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{vmatrix}}$
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}	${\begin{Vmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Vmatrix}}$
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}	${\begin{bmatrix}0&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\0&\cdots &0\end{bmatrix}}$
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}	${\begin{Bmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{Bmatrix}}$
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}	${\begin{pmatrix}x&y\\z&v\end{pmatrix}}$
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)	${\bigl (}{\begin{smallmatrix}a&b\\c&d\end{smallmatrix}}{\bigr )}$
Arrays	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0 \end{array}	${\begin{array}{|c|c||c|}a&b&S\\\hline 0&0&1\\0&1&1\\1&0&1\\1&1&0\end{array}}$
Cases	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}	$f(n)={\begin{cases}n/2,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}\\3n+1,&{\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is odd}}\end{cases}}$
System of equations	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z &= 1 \\ 7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\ -6x + 3y + 2z &= 3 \end{cases}	${\begin{cases}3x+5y+z&=1\\7x-2y+4z&=2\\-6x+3y+2z&=3\end{cases}}$
Breaking up a long expression so it wraps when necessary	<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>	$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}x^{n}$ $=a_{0}+a_{1}x+a_{2}x^{2}+\cdots$
Multiline equations	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \end{align}	${\begin{aligned}f(x)&=(a+b)^{2}\\&=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\end{aligned}}$
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \end{alignat}	${\begin{alignedat}{2}f(x)&=(a-b)^{2}\\&=a^{2}-2ab+b^{2}\end{alignedat}}$
Multiline equations with aligment specified (left, center, right)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	${\begin{array}{lcl}z&=&a\\f(x,y,z)&=&x+y+z\end{array}}$
	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	${\begin{array}{lcr}z&=&a\\f(x,y,z)&=&x+y+z\end{array}}$

Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Bad	( \frac{1}{2} )	$({\frac {1}{2}})$
Good	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)$

You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Parentheses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left({\frac {a}{b}}\right)$
Brackets	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[{\frac {a}{b}}\right]\quad \left\lbrack {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrack$
Braces (note the backslash before the braces in the code)	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{{\frac {a}{b}}\right\}\quad \left\lbrace {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rbrace$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$\left\langle {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rangle$
Bars and double bars (note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|	$\left|{\frac {a}{b}}\right\vert \left\Vert {\frac {c}{d}}\right\|$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\left\lfloor {\frac {a}{b}}\right\rfloor \left\lceil {\frac {c}{d}}\right\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$\left/{\frac {a}{b}}\right\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\left\uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\downarrow \quad \left\Uparrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Downarrow \quad \left\updownarrow {\frac {a}{b}}\right\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right are both used	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |	$\left[0,1\right)$ $\left\langle \psi \right|$
Use \left. or \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\left.{\frac {A}{B}}\right\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	${\big (}{\Big (}{\bigg (}{\Bigg (}\dots {\Bigg ]}{\bigg ]}{\Big ]}{\big ]}$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	${\big \{}{\Big \{}{\bigg \{}{\Bigg \{}\dots {\Bigg \rangle }{\bigg \rangle }{\Big \rangle }{\big \rangle }$
	\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|	${\big |}{\Big |}{\bigg |}{\Bigg |}\dots {\Bigg \|}{\bigg \|}{\Big \|}{\big \|}$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	${\big \lfloor }{\Big \lfloor }{\bigg \lfloor }{\Bigg \lfloor }\dots {\Bigg \rceil }{\bigg \rceil }{\Big \rceil }{\big \rceil }$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	${\big \uparrow }{\Big \uparrow }{\bigg \uparrow }{\Bigg \uparrow }\dots {\Bigg \Downarrow }{\bigg \Downarrow }{\Big \Downarrow }{\big \Downarrow }$
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow	${\big \updownarrow }{\Big \updownarrow }{\bigg \updownarrow }{\Bigg \updownarrow }\dots {\Bigg \Updownarrow }{\bigg \Updownarrow }{\Big \Updownarrow }{\big \Updownarrow }$
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash	${\big /}{\Big /}{\bigg /}{\Bigg /}\dots {\Bigg \backslash }{\bigg \backslash }{\Big \backslash }{\big \backslash }$

Alphabets and typefaces

Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.

Greek alphabet
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta	$\mathrm {A} \mathrm {B} \Gamma \Delta \mathrm {E} \mathrm {Z} \,$
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu	$\mathrm {H} \Theta \mathrm {I} \mathrm {K} \Lambda \mathrm {M} \,$
\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau	$\mathrm {N} \Xi \mathrm {O} \Pi \mathrm {P} \Sigma \mathrm {T} \,$
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega	$\Upsilon \Phi \mathrm {X} \Psi \Omega \,$
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta	$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,$
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu	$\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,$
\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau	$\nu \xi \pi \mathrm {o} \rho \sigma \tau \,$
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega	$\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,$
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa	$\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,$
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi	$\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi \,$
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}	$\mathbb {A} \mathbb {B} \mathbb {C} \mathbb {D} \mathbb {E} \mathbb {F} \mathbb {G} \,$
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}	$\mathbb {H} \mathbb {I} \mathbb {J} \mathbb {K} \mathbb {L} \mathbb {M} \,$
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}	$\mathbb {N} \mathbb {O} \mathbb {P} \mathbb {Q} \mathbb {R} \mathbb {S} \mathbb {T} \,$
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}	$\mathbb {U} \mathbb {V} \mathbb {W} \mathbb {X} \mathbb {Y} \mathbb {Z} \,$
\C \N \Q \R \Z	$\mathbb {C} \mathbb {N} \mathbb {Q} \mathbb {R} \mathbb {Z}$
boldface (vectors)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}	$\mathbf {A} \mathbf {B} \mathbf {C} \mathbf {D} \mathbf {E} \mathbf {F} \mathbf {G} \,$
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}	$\mathbf {H} \mathbf {I} \mathbf {J} \mathbf {K} \mathbf {L} \mathbf {M} \,$
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}	$\mathbf {N} \mathbf {O} \mathbf {P} \mathbf {Q} \mathbf {R} \mathbf {S} \mathbf {T} \,$
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}	$\mathbf {U} \mathbf {V} \mathbf {W} \mathbf {X} \mathbf {Y} \mathbf {Z} \,$
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}	$\mathbf {a} \mathbf {b} \mathbf {c} \mathbf {d} \mathbf {e} \mathbf {f} \mathbf {g} \,$
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}	$\mathbf {h} \mathbf {i} \mathbf {j} \mathbf {k} \mathbf {l} \mathbf {m} \,$
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}	$\mathbf {n} \mathbf {o} \mathbf {p} \mathbf {q} \mathbf {r} \mathbf {s} \mathbf {t} \,$
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}	$\mathbf {u} \mathbf {v} \mathbf {w} \mathbf {x} \mathbf {y} \mathbf {z} \,$
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}	$\mathbf {0} \mathbf {1} \mathbf {2} \mathbf {3} \mathbf {4} \,$
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}	$\mathbf {5} \mathbf {6} \mathbf {7} \mathbf {8} \mathbf {9} \,$
Boldface (greek)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {A} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {B} }}{\boldsymbol {\Gamma }}{\boldsymbol {\Delta }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {E} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {Z} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {H} }}{\boldsymbol {\Theta }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {I} }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {K} }}{\boldsymbol {\Lambda }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {M} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}	${\boldsymbol {\mathrm {N} }}{\boldsymbol {\Xi }}{\boldsymbol {\Pi }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {P} }}{\boldsymbol {\Sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {T} }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}	${\boldsymbol {\Upsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\Phi }}{\boldsymbol {\mathrm {X} }}{\boldsymbol {\Psi }}{\boldsymbol {\Omega }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}	${\boldsymbol {\alpha }}{\boldsymbol {\beta }}{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}{\boldsymbol {\delta }}{\boldsymbol {\epsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\zeta }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}	${\boldsymbol {\eta }}{\boldsymbol {\theta }}{\boldsymbol {\iota }}{\boldsymbol {\kappa }}{\boldsymbol {\lambda }}{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}	${\boldsymbol {\nu }}{\boldsymbol {\xi }}{\boldsymbol {\pi }}{\boldsymbol {\rho }}{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}{\boldsymbol {\tau }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}	${\boldsymbol {\upsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\phi }}{\boldsymbol {\chi }}{\boldsymbol {\psi }}{\boldsymbol {\omega }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}	${\boldsymbol {\varepsilon }}{\boldsymbol {\digamma }}{\boldsymbol {\vartheta }}{\boldsymbol {\varkappa }}\,$
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}	${\boldsymbol {\varpi }}{\boldsymbol {\varrho }}{\boldsymbol {\varsigma }}{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}\,$
Italics
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}	${\mathit {A}}{\mathit {B}}{\mathit {C}}{\mathit {D}}{\mathit {E}}{\mathit {F}}{\mathit {G}}\,$
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}	${\mathit {H}}{\mathit {I}}{\mathit {J}}{\mathit {K}}{\mathit {L}}{\mathit {M}}\,$
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}	${\mathit {N}}{\mathit {O}}{\mathit {P}}{\mathit {Q}}{\mathit {R}}{\mathit {S}}{\mathit {T}}\,$
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}	${\mathit {U}}{\mathit {V}}{\mathit {W}}{\mathit {X}}{\mathit {Y}}{\mathit {Z}}\,$
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}	${\mathit {a}}{\mathit {b}}{\mathit {c}}{\mathit {d}}{\mathit {e}}{\mathit {f}}{\mathit {g}}\,$
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}	${\mathit {h}}{\mathit {i}}{\mathit {j}}{\mathit {k}}{\mathit {l}}{\mathit {m}}\,$
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}	${\mathit {n}}{\mathit {o}}{\mathit {p}}{\mathit {q}}{\mathit {r}}{\mathit {s}}{\mathit {t}}\,$
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}	${\mathit {u}}{\mathit {v}}{\mathit {w}}{\mathit {x}}{\mathit {y}}{\mathit {z}}\,$
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}	${\mathit {0}}{\mathit {1}}{\mathit {2}}{\mathit {3}}{\mathit {4}}\,$
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}	${\mathit {5}}{\mathit {6}}{\mathit {7}}{\mathit {8}}{\mathit {9}}\,$
Roman typeface
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}	$\mathrm {A} \mathrm {B} \mathrm {C} \mathrm {D} \mathrm {E} \mathrm {F} \mathrm {G} \,$
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}	$\mathrm {H} \mathrm {I} \mathrm {J} \mathrm {K} \mathrm {L} \mathrm {M} \,$
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}	$\mathrm {N} \mathrm {O} \mathrm {P} \mathrm {Q} \mathrm {R} \mathrm {S} \mathrm {T} \,$
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}	$\mathrm {U} \mathrm {V} \mathrm {W} \mathrm {X} \mathrm {Y} \mathrm {Z} \,$
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}	$\mathrm {a} \mathrm {b} \mathrm {c} \mathrm {d} \mathrm {e} \mathrm {f} \mathrm {g} \,$
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}	$\mathrm {h} \mathrm {i} \mathrm {j} \mathrm {k} \mathrm {l} \mathrm {m} \,$
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}	$\mathrm {n} \mathrm {o} \mathrm {p} \mathrm {q} \mathrm {r} \mathrm {s} \mathrm {t} \,$
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}	$\mathrm {u} \mathrm {v} \mathrm {w} \mathrm {x} \mathrm {y} \mathrm {z} \,$
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}	$\mathrm {0} \mathrm {1} \mathrm {2} \mathrm {3} \mathrm {4} \,$
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}	$\mathrm {5} \mathrm {6} \mathrm {7} \mathrm {8} \mathrm {9} \,$
Fraktur typeface
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}	${\mathfrak {A}}{\mathfrak {B}}{\mathfrak {C}}{\mathfrak {D}}{\mathfrak {E}}{\mathfrak {F}}{\mathfrak {G}}\,$
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}	${\mathfrak {H}}{\mathfrak {I}}{\mathfrak {J}}{\mathfrak {K}}{\mathfrak {L}}{\mathfrak {M}}\,$
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}	${\mathfrak {N}}{\mathfrak {O}}{\mathfrak {P}}{\mathfrak {Q}}{\mathfrak {R}}{\mathfrak {S}}{\mathfrak {T}}\,$
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}	${\mathfrak {U}}{\mathfrak {V}}{\mathfrak {W}}{\mathfrak {X}}{\mathfrak {Y}}{\mathfrak {Z}}\,$
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}	${\mathfrak {a}}{\mathfrak {b}}{\mathfrak {c}}{\mathfrak {d}}{\mathfrak {e}}{\mathfrak {f}}{\mathfrak {g}}\,$
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}	${\mathfrak {h}}{\mathfrak {i}}{\mathfrak {j}}{\mathfrak {k}}{\mathfrak {l}}{\mathfrak {m}}\,$
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}	${\mathfrak {n}}{\mathfrak {o}}{\mathfrak {p}}{\mathfrak {q}}{\mathfrak {r}}{\mathfrak {s}}{\mathfrak {t}}\,$
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}	${\mathfrak {u}}{\mathfrak {v}}{\mathfrak {w}}{\mathfrak {x}}{\mathfrak {y}}{\mathfrak {z}}\,$
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}	${\mathfrak {0}}{\mathfrak {1}}{\mathfrak {2}}{\mathfrak {3}}{\mathfrak {4}}\,$
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}	${\mathfrak {5}}{\mathfrak {6}}{\mathfrak {7}}{\mathfrak {8}}{\mathfrak {9}}\,$
Calligraphy/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}	${\mathcal {A}}{\mathcal {B}}{\mathcal {C}}{\mathcal {D}}{\mathcal {E}}{\mathcal {F}}{\mathcal {G}}\,$
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}	${\mathcal {H}}{\mathcal {I}}{\mathcal {J}}{\mathcal {K}}{\mathcal {L}}{\mathcal {M}}\,$
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}	${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {O}}{\mathcal {P}}{\mathcal {Q}}{\mathcal {R}}{\mathcal {S}}{\mathcal {T}}\,$
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}	${\mathcal {U}}{\mathcal {V}}{\mathcal {W}}{\mathcal {X}}{\mathcal {Y}}{\mathcal {Z}}\,$
Hebrew
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth \,$

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
non-italicised characters	\mbox{abc}	${\mbox{abc}}$
mixed italics (bad)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	${\mbox{if}}n{\mbox{is even}}$
mixed italics (good)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	${\mbox{if }}n{\mbox{ is even}}$
mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space)	\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}	${\mbox{if}}~n\ {\mbox{is even}}$

Color

Equations can use color:

• {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}

  ${\color {Blue}x^{2}}+{\color {YellowOrange}2x}-{\color {OliveGreen}1}$

• x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}

  $x_{1,2}={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {\color {Red}b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}$

See here for all named colors (archived) supported by LaTeX.

Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding.

Formatting issues

Spacing

Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
double quad space	a \qquad b	$a\qquad b$
quad space	a \quad b	$a\quad b$
text space	a\ b	$a\ b$
text space without PNG conversion	a \mbox{ } b	$a{\mbox{ }}b$
large space	a\;b	$a\;b$
medium space	a\>b	[not supported]
small space	a\,b	$a\,b$
no space	ab	$ab\,$
small negative space	a\!b	$a\!b$

Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in TeX):

<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>

$0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots$

This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:

<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

${0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots }$

Alignment with normal text flow

Due to the default css

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

an inline expression like $\int _{-N}^{N}e^{x}\,dx$ should look good.

If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.

Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.

Commutative diagrams

To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:

• Write the diagram in TeX
• Convert to SVG
• Upload the file to Wikimedia Commons

Diagrams in TeX

Xy-pic (online manual) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX.

Simpler packages include:

• AMS's amscd
• Paul Taylor's diagrams
• François Borceux Diagrams

The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a hack to increase the margins in dvips, so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping (suggested in TUGboat TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3):

\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package 
                         % Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color}       % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{}     % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin

\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}

$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}

Convert to SVG

Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:

pdflatex file.tex
pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf
pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg
  (rm tmp.pdf at the end)

pdflatex and the pdfcrop and pdf2svg utilities are needed for this procedure.

If you do not have these programs, you can also use the commands

latex file.tex
dvipdfm file.dvi

to get a PDF version of your diagram.

Programs

In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.

These programs are:

• a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
• Ghostscript
• pstoedit
• Inkscape

Upload the file

See also: commons:Commons:First steps/Upload form

See also: en:Help:Contents/Images and media

As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, transwiki it to Commons.)

Check size

Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.

Name

Make sure the file has a meaningful name.

Upload

Login to Wikimedia Commons, then upload the file; for the Summary, give a brief description.

Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template (using {{Information}}):

{{Information
|Description =
{{en| Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]
}}
|Source = {{own}}

Created as per:

[[:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
|Date = The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31
|Author = [[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]
|Permission = Public domain; (or other license) see below. 
}}

== LaTeX source ==
<source lang="latex">
% LaTeX source here
</source>

== [[Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
{{self|PD-self (or other license)|author=[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]}}

[[Category:Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"]]
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]

Source code

• Include the source code in the image page, in a LaTeX source section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
• Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.

License

The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the GFDL, as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.

Description

If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.

Category

Include [[Category:Commutative diagrams]], so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.

Include image

Now include the image on the original page via [[Image:Diagram.svg]]

Examples

A sample conforming diagram is commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg.

Chemistry

There are two ways to render chemical sum formulae as used in chemical equations:

• <math chem>
• <chem>

<chem>X</chem> is short for <math chem>\ce{X}</chem>

(where X is a chemical sum formula)

Technically, <math chem> is a math tag with the extension mhchem enabled, according to the mathjax documentation.

Note, that the commands \cee and \cf are disabled, because they are marked as deprecated in the mhchem LaTeX package documentation.

If the formula reaches a certain "complexity", spaces might be ignored (<chem>A + B</chem> might be rendered as if it were <chem>A+B</chem> with a positive charge). In that case, write <chem>A{} + B</chem> (and not <chem>{A} + {B}</chem> as was previously suggested). This will allow auto-cleaning of formulae once the bug will be fixed and/or a newer mhchem version will be used.

See examples below.

Examples

Chemistry

<chem>C6H5-CHO</chem>
${\ce {C6H5-CHO}}$

<chem>\mathit{A} ->[\ce{+H2O}] \mathit{B}</chem>
${\ce {{\mathit {A}}->[{\ce {+H2O}}]{\mathit {B}}}}$

<chem>SO4^2- + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v</chem>
${\ce {SO4^2- + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v}}$

<math chem>A \ce{->[\ce{+H2O}]} B</math>
$A{\ce {->[{\ce {+H2O}}]}}B$

<chem>H2O</chem>
${\ce {H2O}}$

<chem>Sb2O3</chem>
${\ce {Sb2O3}}$

<chem>H+</chem>
${\ce {H+}}$

<chem>CrO4^2-</chem>
${\ce {CrO4^2-}}$

<chem>AgCl2-</chem>
${\ce {AgCl2-}}$

<chem>[AgCl2]-</chem>
${\ce {[AgCl2]-}}$

<chem>Y^{99}+</chem>
${\ce {Y^{99}+}}$

<chem>Y^{99+}</chem>
${\ce {Y^{99+}}}$

<chem>H2_{(aq)}</chem>
${\ce {H2_{(aq)}}}$

<chem>NO3-</chem>
${\ce {NO3-}}$

<chem>(NH4)2S</chem>
${\ce {(NH4)2S}}$

Quadratic Polynomial

$ax^{2}+bx+c=0$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)

$ax^{2}+bx+c=0\,$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,</math>

Quadratic Formula

$x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}$

<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Tall Parentheses and Fractions

$2=\left({\frac {\left(3-x\right)\times 2}{3-x}}\right)$

<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

$S_{\text{new}}=S_{\text{old}}-{\frac {\left(5-T\right)^{2}}{2}}$

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 

Integrals

$\int _{a}^{x}\!\!\!\int _{a}^{s}f(y)\,dy\,ds=\int _{a}^{x}f(y)(x-y)\,dy$

<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

Summation

$\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {m^{2}\,n}{3^{m}\left(m\,3^{n}+n\,3^{m}\right)}}$

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Differential Equation

$u''+p(x)u'+q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a$

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

Complex numbers

$|{\bar {z}}|=|z|,|({\bar {z}})^{n}|=|z|^{n},\arg(z^{n})=n\arg(z)$

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

Limits

$\lim _{z\rightarrow z_{0}}f(z)=f(z_{0})$

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

Integral Equation

$\phi _{n}(\kappa )={\frac {1}{4\pi ^{2}\kappa ^{2}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial R}}\left[R^{2}{\frac {\partial D_{n}(R)}{\partial R}}\right]\,dR$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

Example

$\phi _{n}(\kappa )=0.033C_{n}^{2}\kappa ^{-11/3},\quad {\frac {1}{L_{0}}}\ll \kappa \ll {\frac {1}{l_{0}}}$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

Continuation and cases

$f(x)={\begin{cases}1&-1\leq x<0\\{\frac {1}{2}}&x=0\\1-x^{2}&{\mbox{otherwise}}\end{cases}}$

<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

Prefixed subscript

${}_{p}F_{q}(a_{1},\dots ,a_{p};c_{1},\dots ,c_{q};z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(a_{1})_{n}\cdots (a_{p})_{n}}{(c_{1})_{n}\cdots (c_{q})_{n}}}{\frac {z^{n}}{n!}}$

 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

Fraction and small fraction

${\frac {a}{b}}$   ${\tfrac {a}{b}}$
<math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math>

Bug reports

Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.

Future

In the future, once the MathJax option which was added to the Math extension is stable enough, it may be enabled on Wikimedia wikis (per bug 31406) as a better alternative for the PNG rendering of TeX formulas. MathJax is a JavaScript library for inline rendering of mathematical formulae, and can be used to translate LaTeX into MathML for direct interpretation by the browser.

See also

• Comparison between ParserFunctions syntax and TeX syntax
• Typesetting of mathematical formulas
• Score — extension for music markup
• Table of mathematical symbols
• mw:Extension:Blahtex, or blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia
• General help for editing a Wiki page
• Mimetex alternative for another way to display mathematics using Mimetex.cgi

External links

• A LaTeX tutorial.
• A paper introducing TeX—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
• A paper introducing LaTeX—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
• The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List.
• AMS-LaTeX guide.
• A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps.
• MathML: A product of the W3C Math working group, is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.

Links to other help pages

Help contents

Meta · Wikinews · Wikipedia · Wikiquote · Wiktionary · Commons: · Wikidata · MediaWiki · Wikibooks · Wikisource · MediaWiki: Manual · Google

Versions of this help page (for other languages see further)

What links here on Meta or from Meta · Wikipedia · MediaWiki

Reading

Go · Search · Stop words · Namespace · Page name · Section · Backlinks · Redirect · Category · Image page · Special pages · Printable version

Tracking changes

Recent changes (enhanced) | Related changes · Watching pages · Diff · Page history · Edit summary · User contributions · Minor edit · Patrolled edit

Logging in and preferences

Logging in · Preferences · User style

Editing

Starting a new page · Advanced editing · Editing FAQ · Edit toolbar · Export · Import · Shortcuts · Edit conflict · Page size

Referencing

Links · URL · Piped links · Interwiki linking · Footnotes

Style and formatting

Wikitext examples · CSS · Reference card · HTML in wikitext · Formula · List · Table · Sorting · Colors · Images and file uploads

Fixing mistakes

Show preview · Testing · Reverting edits

Advanced functioning

Expansion · Template · Advanced templates · Parser function · Parameter default · Variable · System message · Substitution · Array · Calculation · Embed page

Others

Special characters · Renaming (moving) a page · Preparing a page for translation · Talk page · Signatures · Sandbox · Legal issues for editors

be · de · fr · ia · it · ru · sr · uk · zh