Application And Data Security

Key Features

Category Selector: Choose audio categories from Wikimedia Commons.

Pattern Input: Define matching patterns for lexemes based on audio file names.

Results Display: View matched lexemes and their corresponding audio files.

Audio Player: Listen to audio files directly in the tool.

Add Pronunciation Button: Submit matched lexemes and associated pronunciations to Wikidata.

Collaboration with Other Institutions and Communities: Data and Application Security

In the context of collaboration with institutions and communities, particularly in open-source environments like the WDAudioLex Tool, ensuring secure user authentication, authorization, and data protection is paramount. These security measures are vital for safeguarding sensitive data, protecting users' privacy, and fostering trust. Below are the key considerations for user authentication, authorization, and data protection strategies:

1. User Authentication and Authorization

a. User Authentication

User authentication is the process of verifying a user's identity before granting access to the system. In a collaborative environment, this step ensures that only authorized individuals can interact with the tool, contributing or accessing sensitive data.

Strategies for Authentication:

   OAuth2 Authentication:
   OAuth2 is a widely used and secure framework for managing authentication. It allows users to log in using existing credentials from trusted third-party services (e.g., Google, Wikimedia, GitHub). OAuth2 helps avoid the need to store passwords within the system, minimizing the risk of unauthorized access due to password breaches. OAuth2 providers manage the complexity of password handling, ensuring a more secure login process.
   Example: The WDAudioLex Tool could allow users to log in via Wikimedia's OAuth2 service, leveraging Wikimedia’s existing identity management system.

   Single Sign-On (SSO):
   Single Sign-On (SSO) allows users to authenticate once and gain access to multiple systems without needing to log in multiple times. This is particularly useful for users from institutions and communities already using other linked systems (e.g., Wikidata, Wikimedia Commons).
   Example: By integrating with Wikimedia’s SSO, users who are logged into Wikimedia projects can access the WDAudioLex Tool without needing to re-authenticate.

   Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):
   To further enhance security, implement MFA, where users must provide an additional verification step (e.g., a code sent to their phone or email) in addition to their password or OAuth2 credentials. This is especially important for administrative users or users contributing sensitive data.

Best Practices:

   Use JWT (JSON Web Tokens) or OAuth2 tokens to handle user sessions. These tokens provide a secure method of managing user sessions without storing session data on the server.
   Ensure session expiration to prevent unauthorized access in case of user inactivity.
   Periodically re-authenticate users when performing sensitive actions (e.g., adding new pronunciations to Wikidata).

b. User Authorization

Authorization ensures that users can only access the data and perform actions they are permitted to do. This process is critical to prevent unauthorized modification of data, especially when collaborating with other institutions.

Strategies for Authorization:

   Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):
   Implement RBAC to restrict access to the system based on the user’s role. Each role will have different levels of access to resources and functionalities.
   Example roles:

   Admin: Full access to all system features, including adding or removing categories, managing user permissions, and overseeing the entire tool.
   Contributor: Can add new pronunciations, view existing lexeme matches, and suggest corrections.
   Viewer: Can browse and listen to audio files, but cannot contribute or modify data.

   Access Control Lists (ACLs):
   Fine-tune permissions for specific resources using ACLs, ensuring that users only have access to particular lexemes or categories depending on their role.

   Granular Permissions for Sensitive Data:
   If certain data needs extra protection (e.g., personally identifiable information or sensitive lexeme data), implement more granular access permissions to restrict who can view or edit these resources.
   Example: Contributors may have read access to all lexeme data but restricted access to edit or delete contributions unless they have elevated permissions.

2. Data Protection Strategies

Protecting the data stored, transferred, and processed by the WDAudioLex Tool is vital to ensure that it remains secure, private, and tamper-proof. Key aspects of data protection include encryption, HTTPS, secure storage, and access control.

a. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

Purpose: HTTPS encrypts all data transmitted between the frontend (user’s browser) and the backend server, ensuring that any sensitive information (e.g., authentication tokens, user data) is securely transmitted and not exposed to interception (man-in-the-middle attacks).

Implementation Steps:

   SSL/TLS Certificates: Implement SSL/TLS certificates on the web server (using providers like Let's Encrypt or commercial certificates) to enable HTTPS. These certificates validate the identity of the server and encrypt data during transmission.
   HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Enable HSTS to instruct browsers to only communicate with the server over HTTPS, preventing attackers from downgrading connections to an insecure HTTP protocol.

b. Data Encryption

Data encryption ensures that sensitive data is unreadable to unauthorized parties, even if they gain access to it. There are two main types of encryption to consider:

   Encryption At Rest:
   Encrypt sensitive data stored on servers or databases to prevent unauthorized access if an attacker gains direct access to the storage system.
   Example: Use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) with a 256-bit key to encrypt sensitive data, such as user credentials, pronunciation files, and lexeme metadata in the database.

   Encryption In Transit:
   Ensure that all communication between the frontend, backend, and external services (e.g., Wikidata API) is encrypted via HTTPS or other secure protocols (e.g., TLS). For additional security, implement end-to-end encryption for certain types of data (e.g., pronunciation audio files), so that only authorized users or systems can decrypt and access the content.

   File-Level Encryption:
   When storing large files such as audio recordings, it is important to encrypt them at the file level. This can be done using storage solutions that offer encryption, like Amazon S3 or Google Cloud Storage.

c. Data Integrity and Authentication

To maintain the integrity of the data (ensuring that it is not altered or tampered with), implement the following strategies:

   Digital Signatures: Use digital signatures to authenticate critical data (e.g., pronunciation audio files) and verify their integrity. This can be achieved using public/private key cryptography.
   Hashing: Apply cryptographic hashing (e.g., SHA-256) to sensitive data like passwords before storing it in the database, ensuring that even if the database is compromised, the passwords remain secure.

d. Backup Security

Since backups are critical for data recovery, they must also be protected:

   Encrypted Backups: Ensure that database and file backups are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access during storage or transmission.
   Backup Access Controls: Restrict access to backups, ensuring that only authorized personnel or systems can restore data.

e. Access Control for Data Storage

Implement access control mechanisms for data storage (both databases and file storage systems):

   Access Audits: Log and monitor access to sensitive data, including who accessed it and when, to detect unauthorized attempts.
   Least Privilege Principle: Restrict access to the minimum data required for each user to perform their role.

Summary

To collaborate effectively with other institutions and communities while ensuring robust security for the WDAudioLex Tool, the following principles are essential:

   User Authentication and Authorization: Implement OAuth2 for secure authentication, integrate Single Sign-On for a seamless user experience, and enforce Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for fine-grained authorization.
   Data Protection: Protect all data through HTTPS for secure transmission, encryption for data at rest and in transit, digital signatures for data integrity, and strong backup security practices.

By adopting these strategies, the WDAudioLex Tool will ensure secure and trusted interactions among contributors and users while maintaining data privacy and integrity.

How to use the tool

   Log in using OAuth2 authentication.
   Select a category of audio files from Wikimedia Commons.
   Enter a pattern to match lexemes to audio files.
   Review the matched results.
   Use the "Add Pronunciation" button to submit a pronunciation statement to Wikidata.