Research:Understanding perception of readability in Wikipedia/Pilot survey snippets

For the pilot survey, we extracted text snippets from 21 articles from English Wikipedia.

Preprocessing

• Consider all articles from the 2022-12 snapshot labeled with the topic Food and drink (as predicted from the language-agnostic article topic model)
• Extract the plain text from the lead section of each article and split into sentences.
• Keep only articles with at least 5 sentences. The snippet consists of the first 5 sentences.
• Manually inspect if there are any formatting issues with the extracted plain text of the snippet.
• Keep only snippets with approximately the same length (number of tokens is between 100 and 114)
• Randomly sample snippets such that they evenly cover the range of automatically calculated readability scores according to the Flesch-reading ease

List of snippets

FRE score	snippet	no. tokens	page_title	page_id
27.83	Ecotrophology is a branch of nutritional science concerned with everyday practice. It is mainly in Germany that it is seen as a separate branch of health care, and the word is rare outside Germany. Ecotrophologists are specialists in nutrition, household management and economics. This includes physiological, economic and technological principles of healthy nutrition and practical application. They work in many different fields: management of the above types of operations, development of new nutritional concepts in catering, quality control in food manufacturing and processing operations and research within the food industry.	101	Ecotrophology	40265974
32.8	Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America, Inc. (WSWA) is the industry trade group representing wine and spirits wholesalers in the United States. WSWA is headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded in and has 360 member companies in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It is dedicated to advancing the interests and independence of wholesale distributors and/or brokers of wine and/or spirits. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., WSWA provides its members with representation before Congress, executive agencies, regulatory bodies, courts, state-based wine and spirits associations and other alcohol beverage industry organizations.	107	Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America	15765583
34.86	Montpelier Bean Feast is an annual event taking place in Montpelier Park in Montpelier, Bristol, UK. The emphasis is on celebrating community pride in the local harvest, heritage and creativity. The original Montpelier Bean Feast was an 18th-century Bristol event. Local residents revived the event in 2009 as a family friendly community festival celebrating the local area, encouraging friendly connections and good will within the diverse community. The event includes delicious tasty treats, a produce exchange market, bean themed games and competitions, arts and crafts workshops, live music performances and mock elections of King and Queen Bean.	110	Montpelier Bean Feast	24231535
35.68	Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) is a class of intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUP) containing several repeats of a short proline-rich sequence. Many tannin-consuming animals secrete a tannin-binding protein (mucin) in their saliva. Tannin-binding capacity of salivary mucin is directly related to its proline content. PRPs contain non specific nitrogen and nonessential amino acids; this makes them more convenient for an animal to exploit rather than using up valuable dietary protein. Example of this class of protein is IB5, a human parotid salivary protein known to bind with polyphenols (binding responsible for the astringency mouth feel).	108	Proline rich protein	25864995
36.08	Dakota Growers Pasta Company is an American brand of pasta and food processing, currently owned by 8th Avenue, a company of Post Holdings. The former Dakota Growers agricultural processing company was located in Carrington, North Dakota, having started in 1990 as a wheat-growers cooperative. In 2002, Dakota Growers became a public company. Announced as a joint press release on March 10, 2010, 'Dakota Growers Pasta Company' was sold to the Canadian-based agribusiness Viterra, Inc. Following Viterra's acquisition by Glencore Xstrata, Dakota Growers was sold to Post Holdings on January 1, 2014.	108	Dakota Growers	4380700
43.12	Olde Lockeford Winery is a winery and custom crush facility in Lockeford, California, United States. The winery was founded in 1946 as the Lockeford Cooperative Winery, but had closed more than a decade before being purchased by Don Litchfield in 1998. The winery complex was renamed Vino Piazza, and reconfigured to house multiple "micro-wineries". Olde Lockeford Winery is one of several wineries in the complex. In addition to the wineries that lease space in the Vino Piazza, the facility also offers a custom crush facility that can be leased by winery operations in other parts of the state.	110	Olde Lockeford Winery	13572436
43.32	Fagopyrum tataricum, also known as Tartary buckwheat, green buckwheat, ku qiao, Tatar buckwheat, or bitter buckwheat, is a domesticated food plant in the genus Fagopyrum in the family Polygonaceae. With another species in the same genus, common buckwheat, it is often counted as a cereal, but the buckwheats are not closely related to true cereals. Tartary buckwheat is more bitter and contains more rutin than common buckwheat. It also contains other bioactive components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, 2-hydroxybenzylamine and quercitrin. Tartary buckwheat was domesticated in East Asia and is also cultivated in Europe and North America.	113	Fagopyrum tataricum	2257651
45.96	Sparletta is a range of soft drink products manufactured by The Coca-Cola Company in South Africa and Zimbabwe. It was invented by Thomas Cook and at his Standerton Coca-Cola factory in 1953. He also owned the Nigel Coca-Cola factory and the Witbank Coca-Cola factory. Sparletta is distributed in Comoros, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi, Lesotho, Namibia, Mozambique, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana and Tanzania. It is available in the following flavours: Creme Soda, Sparberry, Cherry Plum, Stoney Ginger Beer, Pine Nut, Iron Brew, Apple and Blackcurrant.	106	Sparletta	20641284
47.59	Barry Callebaut is a Belgian-Swiss cocoa processor and chocolate manufacturer, with an average annual production of 2.3 million tonnes of cocoa & chocolate (fiscal year 2021/2022). It was created in 1996 through the merging of the Belgian chocolate producer Callebaut and the French company Cacao Barry. It is currently based in Zürich, Switzerland, and operates in over 30 countries worldwide. It was created in its present form by Klaus Johann Jacobs. Its customers include multinational and national branded consumer goods manufacturers and artisanal users of chocolate (chocolatiers, pastry chefs, bakeries, and caterers).	107	Barry Callebaut	13863248
51.99	Cold Storage is a Singaporean multinational supermarket company currently owned by DFI Retail Group. Its parent company also operates Market Place stores, now branded as Cold Storage Fresh, as well as the Giant hypermarket brand, and has various other supermarkets around Asia including Hero and Wellcome. Founded in 1903 as the Singapore Cold Storage Company, Cold Storage was one of the first supermarkets in Singapore to offer its merchandise online in 1997. The number of regular customers has since grown from 6,000 in 1998, to more than 15,000 in 2012. In 1992, DFI purchased the company.	107	Cold Storage (supermarket)	20717240
54.42	Chicken-fried steak, also known as country-fried steak or CFS, is an American breaded cutlet dish consisting of a piece of beefsteak (most often tenderized cube steak) coated with seasoned flour and either deep-fried or pan-fried. It is sometimes associated with the Southern cuisine of the United States. It is breaded and fried with a technique similar to the more common fried chicken, hence "chicken-fried". When deep-fried, it is usually referred to as "chicken-fried steak". Pan-fried versions are typically referred to as "country fried steak".	101	Chicken fried steak	292181
60.24	Ton Meijer is a Dutch property developer, the chairman of Meyer Bergman, a London-based privately held real estate investment company, specialising in retail property. In 1970, Meijer founded MAB Group, and was its president and CEO until the sale of the development business to Bouwfonds in 2004. MAB Group developed properties including Nice Etoile in Nice, France, Les Halles in Paris, and De Resident in The Hague, Netherlands. Meijer is the chairman and co-founder of Meyer Bergman. He is married to Maya Meijer-Bergmans, and his sons Markus Meijer and Antony Meijer work with him in Meyer Bergman.	112	Ton Meijer	48229888
61.87	Gruel is a food consisting of some type of cereal—such as ground oats, wheat, rye, or rice—heated or boiled in water or milk. It is a thinner version of porridge that may be more often drunk rather than eaten. Historically, gruel has been a staple of the Western diet, especially for peasants. Gruel may be made from millet, hemp, barley, or, in hard times, from chestnut flour or even the less bitter acorns of some oaks. Gruel has historically been associated with feeding the sick and recently weaned children.	104	Gruel	882813
69.92	Schnecken are a type of sweet bun or roll of German origin. Today schnecken can be commonly found in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Israel, southern Brazil and the USA. The name Schnecken means snails in German and refers to the shape of the pastry. The bun is still common in Germany and Austria (in some regions as Schneckennudel), where the name is Schnecke (which is the German singular of Schnecken), and in other parts of northern Europe. They are more commonly known as escargots (snails) or pain au raisin in France.	109	Schnecken	2596578
70.13	The Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum was a museum in southeast London. It was the world's first museum devoted to the history of tea and coffee, covering 400 years of commercial and social history of two commodities, since their arrival in Europe from Africa and the Far East. The museum was opened by Edward Bramah in 1992, 40 years after he had first had the idea. It was formerly at Butler's Wharf. It then moved to 40 Southwark Street in SE1, very close to London Bridge station and Borough Market.	101	Bramah Tea and Coffee Museum	3314291
70.73	Lily Bollinger (born Élisabeth Law de Lauriston-Boubers; 1899 - 22 February 1977 near Reims, France) was the head of the Bollinger Champagne business from 1941 to 1971. Bollinger was the daughter of Baron Olivier Law de Lauriston-Boubers and Berthe de Marsay. She married Jacques Bollinger (1894-1941), general manager of Bollinger Champagne and grandson of founder Jacques Joseph Bollinger, on 10 November 1923. They had no children. Bollinger took over the presidency of the Bollinger house after the death of her husband in 1941, and directed it until 1971.	102	Lily Bollinger	57492778
76.96	Hot milk cake is a butter sponge cake from American cuisine. It can be made as a sheet cake or a layer cake, or baked in a tube pan. The hot milk and butter give the cake a distinctive fine-grained texture, similar to pound cake. Hot milk cake gets its distinctive flavor from the scalded milk that is the liquid component of the batter. It differs from traditional sponge cakes like angel food cake in that it contains baking powder as leavening instead of just egg whites, so it can be made with butter like a Victoria sponge.	106	Hot milk cake	2001439
77.57	Tahu Gejrot is an Indonesian fried tofu in sweet spicy sauce from Cirebon, a port city in West Java, Indonesia. Tahu gejrot consists of tahu pong, a type of hollow tahu goreng (fried tofu) cut into small pieces. It is served with a thin and watery dressing that is made by blending palm sugar, vinegar and sweet soy sauce. It is usually served in a small earthenware bowl or layah, with ground garlic, pounded shallot and hot bird's eye chili cut into pieces to add spiciness. Tahu gejrot is usually served in a clay plate.	109	Tahu gejrot	36684053
78.79	The Four Bars Inn was a jazz club and public house in Cardiff, Wales, later known as 'Dempseys' and (since 2017) 'Elevens'. The pub was originally called "The Globe" and dates back to 1731. It has also been known as "Dukes", before becoming "The Four Bars Inn" and later an Irish themed bar called "Dempseys". The jazz club was founded by Jed Williams in 1987, who was also musical director of the Brecon Jazz Festival. Williams, together with vocalist/trombonist Mike Harries formed the Inn's house band The Root Doctors.	112	The Four Bars Inn	26402720
81.43	Alcohol-infused whipped cream is a type of whipped cream that is mixed with an alcoholic drink. By 2005 it had been commercialized. It has been sold under brand names such as Liquor Whipped, which is 28 proof; CREAM, which is 30 proof; Whipped Lightning which is 35.5 proof and is made in various flavors; Get Whipped, Whipsy, which is 27 proof and made with wine; and Canisters of Cream. The commercial preparations are offered in aerosol cans. The toppings have been criticized for their potential to be "aimed at young drinkers".	106	Alcohol-infused whipped cream	40931081
86.44	Flan cake, also known as leche flan cake or crème caramel cake, is a Filipino chiffon or sponge cake (mamón) baked with a layer of leche flan (crème caramel) on top and drizzled with caramel syrup. It is sometimes known as "custard cake", which confuses it with yema cake. Modern versions of flan cake can be cooked with a variety of added ingredients. An example is the use of ube cake as the base. A similar Filipino dessert that uses a steamed cupcake (puto mamón) as the base is known as puto flan.	109	Flan cake	61163904